EhlersDanlos Syndrome :: essays papers

EhlersDanlos Syndrome Ehlers-Danlos sydrome (EDS) is a rare inherited group of connective tissue disorders characterized by defects of the major structural protein in the body (collagen). Collagen is a tough fibrous protein that plays an essential role in binding, holding together, strengthening, and providing elasticity to bodily cells and tissues. There are six major types of EDS that I will discuss, however I will only go into detailed discussion on two of the six types of EDS. The two major types of EDS are Classical EDS and Hypermobile EDS. These two types make up 90% of all EDS cases. I will discuss the general symptoms of these two types along with pathology, then diagnostic factors, and the different treatments for this disorder (Smith). EDS can vary in severity and are transmitted as autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, or X-linked recessive traits. The primary characteristics are hyperextensible skin and joints (Dia. 1-2, pg.6), tendency to bruise easily (Dia. 3, pg.6), reduced wound healing capability, pseudotumors, and ocular defects. Differences within the six types may reflect inter/intra familial variability or genetic heterogeneity. Each type of EDS is classified symptoms and signs that are resulted (Clarke, D., Skrocki-Czerpak, K., Neumann-Potash, L). There are approximately six types of EDS that have been distinguished but other types exist that are very uncommon. Classical, Hypermobile, Vascular, Kyphoscoliosis, Arthrochalasia, and Dermatosparaxis. Classical and Hypermobile make up over 90% of all reported cases of EDS. With the Classical type of EDS a person would have hyperextensible (stretchy) skin with widened atrophic scars and joint hypermobility. The skin is smooth and velvety with tissue fragility and easy brusability. Also evident are molluscoid pseudotumors (fleshy lesions associated with scars) frequently found over pressure points (e.g. elbows) and subcutaneous spheroids, which are commonly mobile and palpable on the forearms and shins. Complications of joint hypemobility include sprains, dislocation are common in the shoulder, patella and temporomandibular joints Muscle hypotonia and slower gross motor development also can occur It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner (Clarke, D., Skrocki-Czerpak, K., Neuman n-Potash, L.). In the Hypermobile type of EDS the joints of the body experience Hypermobility, which is the dominant clinical manifestation. General joint hypermobility affects large (elbows, knees) and small (fingers and toes) joints are evident. Skin is hyperextensible, smooth/velvety, and bruising occurs easily as well. Reoccurring joint dislocations are common, and joints such as shoulder, patella, and temporomandibular joint dislocate frequently. Chronic joint and limb pain is a common amongst individuals with Hypermobile type EDS. EhlersDanlos Syndrome :: essays papers EhlersDanlos Syndrome Ehlers-Danlos sydrome (EDS) is a rare inherited group of connective tissue disorders characterized by defects of the major structural protein in the body (collagen). Collagen is a tough fibrous protein that plays an essential role in binding, holding together, strengthening, and providing elasticity to bodily cells and tissues. There are six major types of EDS that I will discuss, however I will only go into detailed discussion on two of the six types of EDS. The two major types of EDS are Classical EDS and Hypermobile EDS. These two types make up 90% of all EDS cases. I will discuss the general symptoms of these two types along with pathology, then diagnostic factors, and the different treatments for this disorder (Smith). EDS can vary in severity and are transmitted as autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, or X-linked recessive traits. The primary characteristics are hyperextensible skin and joints (Dia. 1-2, pg.6), tendency to bruise easily (Dia. 3, pg.6), reduced wound healing capability, pseudotumors, and ocular defects. Differences within the six types may reflect inter/intra familial variability or genetic heterogeneity. Each type of EDS is classified symptoms and signs that are resulted (Clarke, D., Skrocki-Czerpak, K., Neumann-Potash, L). There are approximately six types of EDS that have been distinguished but other types exist that are very uncommon. Classical, Hypermobile, Vascular, Kyphoscoliosis, Arthrochalasia, and Dermatosparaxis. Classical and Hypermobile make up over 90% of all reported cases of EDS. With the Classical type of EDS a person would have hyperextensible (stretchy) skin with widened atrophic scars and joint hypermobility. The skin is smooth and velvety with tissue fragility and easy brusability. Also evident are molluscoid pseudotumors (fleshy lesions associated with scars) frequently found over pressure points (e.g. elbows) and subcutaneous spheroids, which are commonly mobile and palpable on the forearms and shins. Complications of joint hypemobility include sprains, dislocation are common in the shoulder, patella and temporomandibular joints Muscle hypotonia and slower gross motor development also can occur It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner (Clarke, D., Skrocki-Czerpak, K., Neuman n-Potash, L.). In the Hypermobile type of EDS the joints of the body experience Hypermobility, which is the dominant clinical manifestation. General joint hypermobility affects large (elbows, knees) and small (fingers and toes) joints are evident. Skin is hyperextensible, smooth/velvety, and bruising occurs easily as well. Reoccurring joint dislocations are common, and joints such as shoulder, patella, and temporomandibular joint dislocate frequently. Chronic joint and limb pain is a common amongst individuals with Hypermobile type EDS.

Organizational Commitment Essay

The focal point of effective human resource management (HRM) is on managing people within the employer-employee relationship. As banks are considered a very critical industry of the economy, it is important that the workforces supporting these banks are well motivated and are effective in delivering the necessary work output. It includes the productive utilization of employees to achieve the organization’s business objectives and satisfy individual employee needs (Stone, 1998). HRM seeks to strategically combine the interests of an organization and its employees (McGraw, 2003). Consequently, ineffective HRM can be a major barrier to employee satisfaction and organization success (McGraw, 2003). HRM practices in the banking industry play a key role in attracting, motivating, rewarding, and retaining employees. HRM practices include recruiting employees, selecting employees, designing work, compensating employees, and developing good labor and employee relations (Noe, 2005). For the purpose of this study, the researcher bundled five specific human resource management practices. These are HR planning, training, career development, performance appraisal, and employee participation programs. The researcher chose to bundle HRM practices since bundled HRM practices produce interrelated and complimentary functions. For example, training and development, and performance appraisal overlap each others’ results. The appraisal of an employee’s performance will show potentials and identify gaps in employee’s knowledge, skills, and abilities that will be filled in by training and development. Furthermore, the alignment of HR practices produce synergy contributing to increase productivity and corporate financial performance (Huselid, 1995). Bundled HRM practices contribute to overall firm performance by motivating employees to adopt desired attitudes and behaviors (Bowen & Ostroff, 2004). Moreover, Chang (2005) argues that employees perceived HR practice as an exclusive and single practice rather than separate and diverse fields. According to Fishbein’s (1963) an individual’s overall attitudes towards each HRM practices can be represented by a summation of the belief held about each HR practices. It is important to study HRM practices and its relationship with work related attitudes, and behaviors. Attitude is a mental state of readiness that is organized through experience, applying a dynamic influence on the individual’s response to objects and situations to which it is related such as job satisfaction and organizational trust. (Allport, 1935). On the other hand, behaviors are manners in which an individual or group conduct and respond to his/her environment like Organizational Citizenship Behaviors or OCBs ( Robbins, 2005). Employee perception of organizational banking practices and working conditions within the banks of Jamaica influence employee attitudes and behavior (Guest, 2001). Existing organizational practices within banks in Jamaica such as HRM should facilitate the development of desired employee attitudes and behavior that contribute to enhance firm performance. Previous studies have found that positive perceptions of HRM practices lead to positive employee attitudes and behaviors such as job satisfaction (Guest, 1999), organizational trust, organizational commitment, organizational justice (Greenberg, 1990). Job satisfaction, organizational trust and OCBs were the variables selected to be studied in relation with HRM practices as these three elements are key factors in organizational effectiveness and these variables are considered understudied. These facets affect and overlap each other’s functions and outputs that contribute to the development of HRM practices. Furthermore, this study contributes to the literature by examining a wide breadth of outcome measures within the same study. The study extends HRM literature in three ways. First, it provides additional research in the examining the role of HRM practices to employee attitudes and behaviors since there are limited studies in HRM conceptualized as a bundle (Chang, 2005; Guest, 2004; Huselid 1995). Second, it examines the proposition of Morrison (1996) on the role of HRM practices in contributing to extra-role behaviors. An examination of HRM literature revealed that there has no study conducted investigating HRM to organizational citizenship behaviors. Third, it also simultaneously examines HRM, job satisfaction, organizational trust, and OCBs in one study. Previous studies have examined these variables separately. For example, Ellickson (2002) and Bradley, Petrescu, and Simmons (2004) conducted the study on HRM practices to job satisfaction, Tzafrir (2004) examined HRM practices to organizational trust. Furthermore, since there are limited studies on HRM practices within the banking industry; this would contribute to the importance of HRM practices in the management organization. Review of Related Literature Human Resource Management Practices HRM contribute to the attainment of an organizations competitive advantage through the strategic implementation of a highly committed and competent workforce using an integrated range of cultural, structural, and personnel techniques. Effective HRM leads to an organization success by developing employees that contributes to the delivery of products and services bring customer satisfaction, business results, and shareholder value (Stone, 1998). The main purpose of HRM is to improve the productive contribution of people wherein the employees are being heard by the management and helping the employees to find new resources that enable them to successfully perform their jobs (Ulrich, 1997). The role played by human resource functions is best explained by determining the key objectives that they seek to align strategies, develop effective policies, systems and activities which are significant to the firm’s overall success (Torrington, Hall & Taylor, 2002; Storey, 1995). HRM functions are critical in running an effective organization. Organizations need to have a competitive HRM functions in order to maintain a competent workforce and attain business objectives (Newman & Hodgetts, 1998). HRM function includes planning, training and development, career development, performance appraisal, and employee relations. These functions help organizations to facilitate strategies that allow them to achieve efficiency and effectiveness (Stone, 1998). HRM functions must change in manner that it accomplishes new roles and new competencies. It also has to be transformed to deal creatively and practically with the emerging challenge. HRM practices have a tangible and various intangible organizational consequences. Prior researches have found support for the role of HRM practices in predicting organizational commitment (Davidson, 1998), job satisfaction (Bradley et al. , 2004), and procedural justice (Edgar & Geare, 2005). Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the valuation of his or her work (Locke, 1976; Steijn, 2002). Even though job satisfaction is a highly personal experience, there are a number of facets that seem to contribute the most to feelings of job satisfaction. Steijn (2002) stated that mentally challenging work, adequate compensation pay, career opportunity, the ready availability of promotions, people that are friendly, considerate, or good-natured superiors contribute to job satisfaction (Johns & Saks, 2000). For instance, the ready availability of promotions is positively related to job satisfaction. The promotion given enhances the perception of the employees that they are valued enough by the organization (Garrido, Perez, & Anton, 2005). Previous studies have shown that compensation (Bassett, 1994), opportunity for advancement (Schneider, 1994), psychological climate, and leadership style (Howell & Frost, 1989) are antecedents of job satisfaction. Organizational Trust Trust is an individual’s expectation, assumption, or belief about the likelihood that another’s future action will be beneficial, favorable, or at least not detrimental to one’s interests (Meyer, Davis, & Schoorman, 1995). Trust is considered to be an essential component in organizations since it is a consistent mechanism that supports organizational change and development in an unpredictable environment than hierarchical power and direct surveillance (Kramer & Tyler, 1996). Several studies clearly indicate that the formation of trust within workplace relationships is complex and elusive (Tzafrir, 2003). Furthermore, workplace trust is a necessary element for the development of competitive advantage through support, co-operation, and improvement of systems. Trust is viewed as a feature of the social foundation that begins interactions among parties (Mayer & Davis, 1999). According to Kramer and Tyler (1996), there is a need for organizational trust for the reason of there are organizational needs that are not to be disclosed and one of the elements to address these requirements are employees that trusts their organization. Currall and Judge (1995) defined trust as an individual’s reliance on another person under conditions of dependence and risk. Dependence means that one’s outcomes are reliant on the trustworthy or untrustworthy behavior of another. Furthermore, risk means that one would experience negative outcomes from the other person’s untrustworthy behavior (Kramer & Tyler, 1996). Previous studies have shown that psychological contract breach (Costa 2001), leadership style and organizational communication are antecedents of organizational trust. Organizational Citizenship Behavior Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCBs) are behaviors that are discretionary, indirectly seen or recognized by the official compensation system, and as a whole encourage the effective functioning of an organization (Organ, 1998). It is also defined as an employee behavior that is above and beyond the call of duty and is therefore discretionary and not rewarded in the context of an organization’s formal reward structure (Konovsky & Pugh, 1994). Social exchange is an explanatory mechanism to obtain OCBs. It refers to relationships that entail unspecified future obligations. Social exchange is a critical element in understanding OCBs. It is the theoretical basis and the starting point for OCBs to obtain. When HRM practices offered by the organization are perceived favorable by employees, they tend to reciprocate by OCBs (Organ, 1998). For example, when supervisors treat employees fairly, social exchange and the norm of reciprocity (Gouldner, 1960) dictate that employees reciprocate, and OCBs are the avenue for employee’s reciprocation. There are five dimensions of OCBs (Organ, 1998). First is altruism that involves all discretionary behaviors that have the effect of serving a specific other person with an organizationally important task or problems. The second is conscientiousness it is the extent that a person goes well beyond the satisfactory or required level in work attendance; the person exemplifies the brand of OCBs. Third is sportsmanship which the employees’ goodwill in tolerating less than ideal circumstances without â€Å"complaining and making a federal case out of small potatoes. † The fourth dimension is civic virtue which is the behavior that shows a concern for participating in corporate life for example, by performing tasks that they are not required to perform, and doing so for the benefit of the organization. It also implies a sense o involvement in what policies are adapted and which candidates are supported. The last dimension is courtesy which involves such actions as â€Å"touching base† with those parties whose work would be affected by one’s decision or commitments. Touching base refers to actions done by employees that their co-employees values (Organ, 1998). Previous studies have shown that procedural justice (Alotaibi, 2001; Organ, 1998), organizational commitment (Alotaibi, 2001; Mayer & Allen, 1997; Moorman et al. , 1993 ), and job satisfaction (Alotaibi, 2001; Moorman et al. , 1993) leads to OCBs.

Globalization Has Made An Influence On Multiculturalism

Globalization for (Giddens 1990, p.64) is the ‘intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa’. This meaning that In contemporary Britain today worldwide countries and different locations are interconnecting in many different ways even if they are thousands of miles away. This could firstly be in terms of the distribution of goods, whereby different cultures food and services get transferred and enriched into other countries and societies. In this essay I am going to discuss and evaluate whether or not globalization has made an influence on multiculturalism in contemporary Britain today in positive or negative†¦show more content†¦Thus this is supported by (Kivisto, 2002) in his book where he quotes ’Societies are considerably more ethnically diverse - and thus multicultural - than they once were’. Globalization and the emergence of different countries connecting with each other has made for a more multicultural society also in that Multinational Companies have benefited greatly from globalization. A diverse population employed by these companies in different countries helps them capture global markets, increase customer base across nations, and earn profits easily. It may be argued that globalization has made a huge influence on multiculturalism and is helping to transform contemporary Britain today. Some would say this is a negative formation as the process of globalization is disrupting societies traditional identities and is at risk of loosing their own culture. Many people want to preserve their culture as much as possible. However, on the other hand globalization does not always mean complete resemblance. In some ways globalisation allows for some differences. Today, we have multiculturalism not only within cuisine, but in other areas of media, religion, and education. In modern Britain today worldwide improvement in transportation and communication has produced further interaction among an array of different communities worldwide. The new media (such as social media) has meant that people from different societies in different parts of

Social Issues in Thomas Kings The Truth about Stories Free Essay Example, 1750 words

As a Canadian citizen of Afghan background, I can definitely understand where King is coming from in his book The Truth About Stories . I have experienced similar racism and oppression where I work as a Client Service Representative. Despite my ideas, which are good ones that would probably help the company to make money, I am continually kept outside of the decision-making process because, I think, I am not White enough. The other eight employees where I work and my manager all have a sort of distance from me, and the first time I hear about important Client Service decisions is usually after they have been decided in a meeting that I was not invited to attend. Although nobody is trying to take away my land or deny me my cultural heritage, I do feel like I am being made a sort of second-class citizen. Perhaps because of my own personal experiences, I think the stories King tells in his book, and the way in which he chooses to tell them, have a powerful impact. The way his tone seems to change between that of a scholar and that of a story-teller, for instance, is useful as a way of thinking about how Native peoples can and do adapt and change, and would seem convincing to people who like to pretend that they are all just sitting around on a reservation being mystical and Indian. King's choices of stories are also convincing, whether they are from his own experience or whether they are the stories of other people, Native or not. Ultimately the book is a very useful one for those who want to find out more about the way stereotyping and exclusion work in society. I think The truth About Stories would be especially useful for social workers, and should probably be required reading. That seems like a strange opinion, because the book is not really about how to do social work or even necessarily about the socio-economic conditions that create a need for it. However, King's book is about what creates those conditions, at least in part. It is also about the dangers involved in classifying people at all. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Issues in Thomas Kings The Truth about Stories or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now

Rhetorical Analysis Of Violent Media Is Good For Kids

Tabitha Desiree Luke Mrs. Woodward English 101 10 October 2017 A Rhetorical Analysis of Violent Media is Good for Kids From early childhood, parents, teachers, and other adults instill in us that violence is bad and unethical. We can all agree that we should avoid certain forms of violent behavior if possible; however, it is incorrect to assume that all forms of violence is bad. In his article Violent Media is Good For Kids, Gerald Jones argues that creative violence such as gory video games, Comic books, and play fighting give children tools to master rage and actually help more kids than they hurt. What the author is saying here is correct because children use these types of influences in imaginary play at a young age,†¦show more content†¦While the Incredible Hulk was a ticking time bomb and completely out of control he was a sort of Jekel and Mr. Hyde character. Timid geek, gone raging goliath if you must. Yes, he was out of control and frightened tearing up everything in his path, but on the other side of that, he was also a caring good-hearted person that got a good enough handle on hi s destructive side that he became a hero and started working with the Avengers. Jones is wrong to imply that the only reason these comics were good for him was due to the violence alone. This was not a character like the Joker who just tortured and corrupted people for a laugh and killed mercilessly, there is a reason the good guy always wins in these comics, and that is to appeal to the children reading them and to instill that type of behavior. Everybody loves a winner so when they make Batman or Superman triumph over The Joker or Lex Luthor the authors are instilling the value that good triumphs over evil to their audience. This means that while yes, they were good for him because they were violent and juvenile; they were also good because they still had those messages of conquering the demon, or lose yourself but find yourself again. Jones goes on to persuade us by using his son as an example. I have watched my son living the same story — transforming himself into a bloodthirsty dinosaur to embolden himself for the plunge into preschool, a Power Ranger to muscle through aShow MoreRelatedViolent Media Is Good for Kids Essay942 Words   |  4 PagesViolent Media is Good for Kids Analysis From infancy onward, parents and teachers have drilled into the young generation that violence should be avoided at all costs. They have preached cooperation, tolerance, and â€Å"using one’s words† as tactics to combat difficult situations. Although those lessons are valid, Gerald Jones claims there is an alternative way. In his essay, â€Å"Violent Media is Good for Kids,† Jones argues that â€Å"creative violence- bonking cartoons, bloody videogames, toy guns-givesRead MoreComparative Rhetorical Analysis : `` Just Read And Write, But Right And Wrong `` Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesComparative Rhetorical Analysis Final Essay The debate over rather children should learn values at home or in school is not a complicated one. The process of learning values in school, as oppose to home is referred to as character education. Should we require character education in our school systems? Kathleen Townsend explains in, â€Å"Just Read and Write, but Right and Wrong† and â€Å"Character Education Will Likely Fail† by Thomas J. Lasley, the main attention is directed to teachers and adults who considerRead MoreEssay Rhetorical Visions in the Film, American History X3044 Words   |  13 PagesRhetorical Visions in the Film, American History X â€Å"Hate is baggage. Lifes too short to be pissed off all the time†. This is a quote from the film American History X. This film sends out a powerful message about hate groups such as skinheads and Neo-Nazis. The vision of this movie is to make others aware of the complex life of a skinhead. Through different symbolism we see how society views this group. We also are made aware of the continuous cycle of violence that continues to existRead MoreEssay about Discriminatory Rhetoric in Athletics2476 Words   |  10 Pagessports was never more apparent. Today, that same vitriol manifests itself in various forms of discrimination. Rhetorical forms of discrimination are just as damaging today as outright bigotry was then. Though rhetorical racism is not as overt, it continually influences an audience that is largely unaware of its existence. One of the most common, subversive and least understood rhetorical tools of racism is racialism. Racialism is the practice of identifying a person’s character traits, abilitiesRead MoreThe Role of Advertising in Marketing Communications9872 Words   |  40 Pagesnot the only one – or even the most important one – in terms of building brand equity. The marketing communications mix consists of six major modes of communication: 1. ADVERTISING – Any paid form of nonpersonal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor. Advertising can be used to build up a long – term image for a product or trigger quick sales. Advertising can efficiently reach geographically dispersed buyers. Advantages and disadvantages of advertising shouldRead Moreunethical advertising14492 Words   |  58 PagesGenerally speaking, advertising is the promotion of goods, services and ideas, usually by an identified sponsor. Marketers see advertising as part of an overall promotional strategy. 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This behavior is most often based on the rivalry that exists between different football clubs or teams and can give rise to great conflictsRead MoreLanguage of Advertising20371 Words   |  82 Pagespeculiarities of advertising language are the subject of this graduation paper. At the beginning, in the first chapter is given a general definition of advertising language, its history. The second chapter is types of advertising (consumer advertising, media of consumer advertising). In the third chapter we consider slogans, logos, types with tone and some thoughts of colour. In the fourth chapter we study advertising as a service. The fifth chapt er includes new agencies such as newspapers, periodicalsRead MoreThe Five Dysfunctions of a Team a Leadership Fable46009 Words   |  185 Pagesit while simultaneously surrendering to the impossibility of actually making it happen. And that is where the rarity of teamwork comes into play. For all the attention that it has received over the years from scholars, coaches, teachers, and the media, teamwork is as elusive as it has ever been within most organizations. The fact remains that teams, because they are made up of imperfect human beings, are inherently dysfunctional. vii 03_960756_flast.qxd 3/25/05 9:59 AM Page viii Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesreasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children, Joshua, 8, and Justine, 3, for comic relief during the months of writing. This book is dedicated to them. For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wife Hellan whose good advice has improved the book in many ways. vi Table of Contents Preface.........................................................................................................................................................iii Copyright

The 1/3 Technology Partnership Challenge Free Essays

The improvement of the fifth generation (5G) mobile and wireless networks has advanced at a fast pace. The 1/3 technology Partnership challenge (3GPP) aims to complete the initial no standalone option of 5G till the cease of 2017. on account that mid-2015, the ecu Union (european) budget 5G Public private Partnership (5GPPP) phase 1 projects1 that have played an vital role in organising a pre-standardization consensus on regions starting from physical layer to average architecture, network management and software networks. We will write a custom essay sample on The 1/3 Technology Partnership Challenge or any similar topic only for you Order Now Numerous technologies and innovations from these projects have substantially contributed to the development in requirements growing groups (SDOs). With the intention of consolidating the final results of 5GPPP tasks into an common structure imaginative and prescient and responding to the diverse requirements of 5G use cases and offerings, the 5G architecture running institution has been energetic for the reason that begin of the 5GPPP initiative. The 5G device has the ambition of responding to the widest range of offerings and packages inside the records of mobile and wireless communications categorized in (i) better mobile broadband (eMBB), (ii) extremely-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC) and (iii) massive device-type communications (mMTC). In responding to the requirements of these offerings and packages, the 5G gadget targets to offer a bendy platform allowing new business instances and fashions integrating vertical industries, such as, car, manufacturing, energy, eHealth, and amusement. in this foundation, network cutting emerges as a promising future-evidence framework adhering to the technological and business needs of various industries. To acquire this intention, community reducing wishes to be designed from an end-to-end attitude, spanning over distinctive era domain names (e.g., core, shipping and get right of entry to networks) and administrative domains (e.g., exceptional cell network operators) which includes management and orchestration features. Moreover, safety architecture shall be natively incorporated into the general structure, pleasing the requirements of offerings and programs touching on safety-vital use instances. The objective first to get familiar with 5G security the way it has been addressed through Phase 1 in terms the â€Å"What† and â€Å"Why† but additionally, and possibly most significantly, pave the manner for Phase 2 initiatives so we can leverage the achievements resulting from this first Phase. How to cite The 1/3 Technology Partnership Challenge, Papers

Potential Reasons Behind the Criminal Psychology - Murders - & Violence

Questioin: Discuss the potential reasons behind the crimes, murders, and violent sexual? Answer: The potential reasons behind the crimes, murders, and violent sexual abuse could be analysed with psychological theories, evidences and comparisons between cases that will be provided in the course of the case study. The key factors which will be dealt with in the following case study are the background or upbringing of the main subjects of the cases, different psychological theories with will be helpful in providing the reasons behind the commitment of such crimes and its related behaviour. Among the several of theories psychoanalytical/attachment theory, physiological, social learning theory, rape theories, biological factor, and rational choice theory, may be used to evaluate the reasons behind the criminal behaviour in the nature of cases that are to be dealt in this case study. For this purpose, the case of Reginald Tone and Edward Theodore Gein may be compared (Moore). Outline of the cases In 2008, Reginald Tone was convicted of committing 3 murders and 10 sexual assaults against women. These offences were denied by him, and further comment was made by him that, he was not asked to stop while having sex with them. During further investigation it was noticed that all the women (of varied age limit between 18-45 years) had brown hairs. The site of the crime was the house of the women and the further noticeable point is that, while raping the women, he would strangle them with items of victims clothing, generally gowns cord. It was also noticed by the police that in every case, an intimate item of the victim was missing. In brief the key events of Reginalds life which have resulted in such a criminal behaviour in him are; the distance from his mother, leaving of his sister Susan, watching his father assaulting his mother and sister, watching disturbing videos, followed by the killing of his pet by his father and his head injury ('Editorial Board'). This case may be compared with the case of Edward Theodore Gein (born on August 27th, 1906, birth place-La Crosse, wi. On a 160 acre farmland in Plainfield, Wisconsin, a few meters away of the city, as a child he lived with his family. The major turning point in the life of Edward that may have initiated such behaviour in him are, the ideology imparted to him about the outside world by his mother and the way he was brought up, the death of his mother along with the death of his father and brother, and also obsession of sexual fantasies and human anatomy. In the following period of time, evidences were found of murder, and use of the body parts of the victim were found from him. In both the cases, the above mentioned theories may be used to find out the underlying reason behind such abnormal, criminal behaviours of the mentioned subjects. In the dimention of Reginalds case the theories which are applicable to understand his behavioural pattern are: Psychoanalytic theory Attachment the ory, Rape theory which may be included in socio-biological approach, Physiological theory, Social learning theory and rational choice theory. On the other hand, in case of the second study, Psychoanalytical theory, Social learning theory and biological theory may be taken into account. While discussing each of these theories in respect to both the cases, it may be noticed and pointed out the way how each of these have in some way or the other contributed the behaviours related to the crimes that each subject have committed in the above discussed cases (Jackson). Analysis of the cases The case study mentioned here explains an incident of criminal psychology. The case here deals with the criminal offence of the character named Reginald Tone. The character here is a 36 year old married man and father of two children, who was convicted in 2008 of drug possession and drug dealing. In order to analyse the case of Reginald Tone, a look back into the childhood life and family history of Reginald is necessary. Reginald Tone, the son of Bill and Irene, was the youngest in the family, who lived with his elder siblings John, Brian, David and Susan. The birth of Reginald was not welcomed by the family and he was born in a family that was in need of money. Soon after the birth of Reginald, his mother Irene became ignorant towards him. Father Bill was always short tempered with reluctant attitude towards his wife and children. Reginald's elder brothers were always busy with their life. only sister Susan seemed to be affectionate towards her baby brother. Reginald who was always deprived from parental affection, at a minor age of 4 was confronted with a violent and abusive act of his father towards his mother. When 7 year old, he was exposed to a adult video tape showing violent humiliation act. Reginald also had a disturbed school life, committing juvenile crimes like stealing and animal abuse. When he was 15, he experienced see with his school mate. Following this, he was gradually inclined towards unusual sexual behaviour. He was also sent to young offenders institution for rehabilitation. Therefore, this case marks a clear indication of criminal psychology. Based on the case history, analysis can be made with the help of three distinct psychological theories; which may further provide the major reasons behind why the crimes, murders and sexual assult were committed by this character. The theories considered here are the psychoanalytical, physiological and rape theories. Psychoanalytical Theory- Sigmund Freud, the founder of this theory, explained that things that happen to people during their childhood can be a contributing factor to the way they behave in their adult age. Freud stated that the human mind has two parts - conscious and the unconscious mind. The unconscious mind often prompts people to make certain decision even if they are not recognizable on a conscious level. It is very evident from different case studies that the aggressive behaviour of criminal s is often traced to the violent ways they themselves were treated during their formative years. Similar is the case of Reginald who had experienced psychological rejection and isolation during his childhood days, which is quite common in see offenders (Haapsalo and Kannonen, 1997). This theory is mainly based on deprivation from parental affection and rejection by the family members. Reginald's offending behaviour implied that he wanted to avenge the abuse and the isolation that he faced as a child on the other women he went on to rape in the later years of his life; firstly the physical abuse from his father and secondly the ignorant behaviour of his mother towards him. Research supporting this theory was performed by Marshall (2010); the finding revealed inferior attachment quality with a feeling of loneliness and the absence of romantic relationship. This attitude was very evident in the case of Reginald. The finding of Hallin et al (2012) explained the connection between premature birth with an insecure attachment attitude during adolescence. Vronsky (2004), through his research showed that a two year old child lacking touch, love and care holds certain psychopathic traits, lacking empathy and sympathy. Tone's life was also affected with similar lack of affection, which lead him to commit criminal offence at the age of 15. The investigation of Wiess (1973) explained that this lack of attachment causes "emotional loneliness" and unstable relationship. Same was th e case of Reginald, who inspite of being married, suffered with an unstable relationship. Rape theory- Ellis (1989) detailed the socio-biological approach to crime by three major rape theories; the feminist theory, social learning theory and the evolutionary theory. Tone's life seemed applicable to the feminist theory. Disturbed childhood life, abusive behaviour of father were the major setback in Reginald's life. He slowly became influenced with the desire of power and dominance to gain equilibrium of six disparities in social status and lead him to commit such crime. Detailed studies of scientists like Hirschman (1991), Bates (1996), Howitt (2002), Waterhouse et al (1994) could relate with Reginald Tone's criminal psychology. Psychological theory- This theory is grounded on traumatic brain injury (TBI), which can be related with criminal offence. The findings of Williams (2012), revealed that 50-80% of the offender population had a past TBI incident. Also, TBI was shown to affect the frontal lobes which are strongly correlated with impulsive violence and crime, (Brower and Price, 2010). Reginald also suffered from TBI at a minor age causing brain damage. According to Miller (1991), head injuries are of two distinct types: penetrative injury and closed head injury. Reginald suffered from closed head injury causing dysfunctional frontal, temporal and occipital lobes of the brain. This case study, whose main character was Reginald Tone, is supported by various theories in order to understand the criminal psychology of the person concerned. It is quite evident that different unwanted incidents which took place in Reginald's life, eventually lead him towards criminal activities. Beginning with parental deprivation of affection, early brain damage, mothers ignorance, father's abusive behaviour, disturbed school life, collectively pushed Reginald towards committing criminal offence and eventually turned him into a criminal. The theories that could be considered in the case of Reginald are mentioned in the above the above the study. Now the mentioned theories may be discussed and the criminal behaviour of the subject may be evaluated on its basis. Psychoanalytic theory/Attachment theory As forwarded by Bowlby (1969), it is conveyed by the theory of attachment, for a child to form a sense of security and bond, the early attachment with the mother is necessary. If the child is deprived of this attachment, the child may feel unwanted, unloved and deprived. In the future the consequences may be serious. In the case of Reginald the detachment from his mother (as he had a premature birth, due to which kept in specialist baby unit for care), and the unavailability of his mother in the early bonding period is a crucial factor in his behavioural pattern ('Editorial Board'). Social learning theory As suggested by Bandura (1986), that the origination of violent behaviours may be through imitation. In other words, when one imagines himself or herself in the place of other, then the incorporation of the visions occurs into the self. In relation to this case, Reginald has witnessed violent acts; his father assaulted his mother and sister. He witnessed such acts in a very early age, which may have vast adverse effects in the mind of a child. Reginald, according to the theory of social learning, imitated those violent acts of his father which he had witnessed at a very early age, and had a reflection in the future. This could be seen, from the violent sexual attacks he had committed against the women and through his first sexual encounter with his girlfriend Amy. According to her, he was very rough and violent in their relationship. It can also be noticed that, the sexual violence that he committed against the women was a source of pleasure for him, moreover, the behaviour that was carried out by his father seemed appropriate to him as a result it was justified and motivating for him to repeat those behaviours. Rape theories All the major rape theories: feminist theory, evolutionary theory is applicable in this case. The nature of his upbringing is the applicable reason of feminist theory. As of evolutionary theory, it states that there must be some kind of evolutionary gain in the behaviour of rape, which can be seen from the age limit of the victims all in the range of age 18-40 that is the reproductive age ('Corrigendum'). Physiological theory This theory is based on Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) which have a correlation with the risk of offending. According to Williams from a population of offenders 50%-80% had suffered TBI incident. In Reginalds case he had suffered an injury and was predicted of the future risk of brain damage and its related problems Rational choice theory According to this theory, an individual while taking the decision of committing a crime is entirely rationale. This can be seen in this case; by the way he commits the crime by justification of the behaviour of his father and way he felt for his sister. On the issue of the second case, the theories of attachment, social leaning and biological factors may be taken into account (Alleyne and Wood). Attachment theory It is known that human is a social being, and cannot live in isolation. In the case of Edward, the death of his close family members followed by the death of his mother, who had huge influence on his life and with no real friend he was totally isolated which may have lead to such criminal behaviours. Social learning theory Since his childhood he was taught by his mother that worldly things are all evils which also include women. Such kind of impact on a childs mind may also be the reason behind his behaviour (Jackson). Biological factors One aspect in biological factor is stimulation-seeking theory, according to which if an antisocial individual is low on arousal they find ways to stimulate or increase arousal among them. This can be seen by his obsession for human anatomy and sexual fantasies. It is also worth mentioning that the restriction imposed on his by his mother to remain virgin, had restricted is sexual life which may also prompt such criminal behaviour against women. He was diagnosed to be schizophrenic, conflicted and considered people as object (Gottschalk,). Synthesis During the course of the case study, various theories could be applied on Reginald and Edward to find the contributory factor of their lives in accordance to the theories on their nature of criminal behaviour. The theories that are used for the evaluation of Reginalds behavioural pattern are rational choice theory, psychoanalytical theory, social learning theory, rape theory and physiological theory. On the other hand, for the purpose of evaluation of Edwards case, biological factor, social learning theory and attachment theory has been used. In both the cases it can be very well noticed that, there are always some attributing factors in the background of the subjects that had a vast contributing factor to their criminal behaviours followed by few side factors which helps in the elevation of such behaviour. The most important and interesting point in this case study is that that background factor in the behavioural pattern in both the cases is liked with the close ones of the subject s, and in both the cases it is the relation of the subject with their mother, it is then followed by their relationship with their other family members. So it may be said that if the subjects had different relation equations with their close ones, then their behavioural pattern would have been different. So in other words, it may be stated, that sense of isolation and insecurity is the key factors. But the theory of attachment are criticised by many and Holmes is one among them. According to him, a child may have more one point of attachment, so lack of attachment with only mother as the causal factor is such behaviour is considered as void by him. The environment which the subjects get while growing is also a factor that is to be noticed. Because, if they would have a secured relationship with the subjects close ones but subjected to disturbing activities in their environment outside their families it may also result in the stimulation of such criminal behavioural pattern. In other words, the social learning theory is applicable in explaining this. The unwanted activities viewing which the subjects resulted to such behaviour of them could be imitated or socially learned by them from some other source of reference. It is also worth mentioning that, many a times there sublime factors which are not reflected for long period of time or at early age, but may have reflection after a gap of long period of time (Hiropoulos and Porter). It can be seen in the both the cases studied in this case study. While in the case of Reginald it was the head injury or TBI and on the other hand, in case of Edward the long time sublime factor was psychosis (schizophrenia). After which it is elevated or its reflection may occur with series of incidents. In case of Reginald, these series of incidents may be the going away of his sister Susan on whom he depended a lot due to his mothers lack of attachment and avoidance towards him, seeing his fathers sexual assault on his mother and sister, his fathers killing of his pet and finally coming across with disturbing videos. On the other hand, in the case of Edward, his isolation from the rest of the world due to his mothers several imposition about the outside world and religion, restricted sexual life, death of his father and brother, followed by the death of his mother leaving him in complete isolation, obsession with human anatomy and sexual fantasies, and finally coming across Gus hi s separation with him also and the desire to become a women may be the series of occurrence in his case for such criminal behaviour. It may also be underlined that in case of such case studies all the aspects like the social, political and economic background are also to be undertaken. Like in case of Reginald, the economic factor had a big role to play, as during his birth his family was going through economic hardships which may be said as one of the basic reason behind his behaviour and similarly in Edwards case, it was the imposed concepts in him by his mother and is interest in Nazi secret camp activities, all of which go unnoticed. It so also to be mentioned that the use of these mentioned theories on these cases and its comparison is the USP of this case study (Hiropoulos and Porter). References Alleyne, Emma, and Jane L. Wood. 'Gang-Related Crime: The Social, Psychological And Behavioral Correlates'. Psychology, Crime Law 19.7 (2013): 611-627. Web. 'Corrigendum'. Psychology, Crime Law 20.1 (2012): 100-100. Web. 'Editorial Board'. Psychology, Crime Law 19.10 (2013): ebi-ebi. Web. 'Editorial Board'. Psychology, Crime Law 18.10 (2012): ebi-ebi. Web. Gottschalk, Petter. 'Theories Of Financial Crime'. Journal of Financial Crime 17.2 (2010): 210-222. Web. 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